Analysis of Geomagnetic Storm Effects on Satellite Orbital Decay
Brandon Li
John L. Miller Great Neck North High School, Great Neck, NY, USA
Publication date: August 2, 2026
John L. Miller Great Neck North High School, Great Neck, NY, USA
Publication date: August 2, 2026
DOI: http://doi.org/10.34614/JIYRC2026I43
ABSTRACT
Satellites orbiting Earth are affected by orbital decay, the gradual loss of altitude due to atmospheric drag. This effect is intensified by geomagnetic storms caused by solar activity, which lead to premature satellite reentries. This study develops a computational physics-based model to quantify the impact of geomagnetic storms and space weather on the satellite lifespan. The model simulates the solar activity cycle, geomagnetic storms, and the resulting atmospheric density changes, which in turn determine the drag force responsible for orbital decay. Our results demonstrate an accelerating decay pattern during geomagnetic storms and identify key factors that affect the satellite lifespan, including the initial altitude and the mass-to-area ratio. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing satellite design and orbital planning to enhance long-term orbital sustainability.
Satellites orbiting Earth are affected by orbital decay, the gradual loss of altitude due to atmospheric drag. This effect is intensified by geomagnetic storms caused by solar activity, which lead to premature satellite reentries. This study develops a computational physics-based model to quantify the impact of geomagnetic storms and space weather on the satellite lifespan. The model simulates the solar activity cycle, geomagnetic storms, and the resulting atmospheric density changes, which in turn determine the drag force responsible for orbital decay. Our results demonstrate an accelerating decay pattern during geomagnetic storms and identify key factors that affect the satellite lifespan, including the initial altitude and the mass-to-area ratio. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing satellite design and orbital planning to enhance long-term orbital sustainability.
